Withering-type botanical microscope, 1780
The “Withering-type Microscope” is named for its inventor, Dr. William Withering (1741-1799), an English physician and botanist who graduated with a degree in medicine 1766 in Edinburgh. Inspired by the taxonomical work and systematic classification of Carl Linnæus (1707-1778), Withering (1776) applied the Linnaean taxonomical system of classification to British plants in a seminal, two volume work, A Botanical arrangement of all the vegetables naturally growing in the British Isles. The earliest reference to a small botanical microscope of Withering’s design appeared in the first edition of this book. There, Withering indicated this microscope was developed for field dissections of flowers and other plant parts. While there is no surviving example of this exact design, close relatives of this type do exist, made either completely of brass or of ivory with brass pillars. Ivory models can be tentatively dated to 1776-1785, as by 1787 a newer model with a hollowed stage in an all-brass configuration already predominated. In turn, it was preceded by the brief appearance of a transitional brass model but with solid stage of ivory or horn (seen here). This version is extremely rare and must have been produced in very small numbers. By 1787 all these varieties were not recorded anymore in the literature.
Withering-type botanical microscope, 1780
The “Withering-type Microscope” is named for its inventor, Dr. William Withering (1741-1799), an English physician and botanist who graduated with a degree in medicine 1766 in Edinburgh. Inspired by the taxonomical work and systematic classification of Carl Linnæus (1707-1778), Withering (1776) applied the Linnaean taxonomical system of classification to British plants in a seminal, two volume work, A Botanical arrangement of all the vegetables naturally growing in the British Isles. The earliest reference to a small botanical microscope of Withering’s design appeared in the first edition of this book. There, Withering indicated this microscope was developed for field dissections of flowers and other plant parts. While there is no surviving example of this exact design, close relatives of this type do exist, made either completely of brass or of ivory with brass pillars. Ivory models can be tentatively dated to 1776-1785, as by 1787 a newer model with a hollowed stage in an all-brass configuration already predominated. In turn, it was preceded by the brief appearance of a transitional brass model but with solid stage of ivory or horn (seen here). This version is extremely rare and must have been produced in very small numbers. By 1787 all these varieties were not recorded anymore in the literature.
References: SML: A242712; Goren 2014.
References: SML: A242712; Goren 2014.
Prof. Yuval Goren's Collection of the History of the Microscope
Chapter 37 (contd.): 19th c. Microscopes in German-Speaking Countries
Schiek in Berlin, medium microscope, ~1860
This is the middle-sized non-inclining model of Schiek's rod microscope. It has a coarse focusing drive via a toothed rack embedded in the prism bar. Fine focusing is achieved by turning a knurled knob which tilts the stage up and down, a method typical also of Schiek's later trichina microscopes. A flat tripod acts as the base and the stage is equipped with a glass surface over which the objects are held by a sprung brass fork.
Schiek's early microscopes were highly influenced by the high-end products of Georg Simon Plössl of Wien. The signature on the tube reads in decorative writing:
Schiek in Berlin
No. 1248
Friedrich Wilhelm Schiek was born in 1790 as the son of a surgeon in Herbsleben, Thuringia. Later the family moved to Frauensee. Shortly before 1800 a mechanical workshop was established in the nearby Philippsthal Castle of Prince Ernst Constantin of Hessen-Philippsthal. In it, Ludwig Wisskemann was appointed as the successor to the court mechanic. Between 1808-1811 young Schiek apprenticed there, hailed for his diligence and good behavior. With such references Schiek was accepted as an employee by Carl Philipp Heinrich Pistor (1778-1847) in Berlin. Pistor offered simple physical equipment as early as 1810 and founded his own workshop in 1813 at the latest, in which astronomical and geodesic instruments as well as microscopes were manufactured. The latter followed the English designs, eg., Jones, Ellis, Adams etc.
The oldest known instrument signed "Pistor & Schiek" is an original Prussian scale of 1816. Schiek's founding year is 1819, four years before Plössl (with whose style Schiek's microscopes are often compared) established his workshop. Pistor and Schiek later advertised themselves as the oldest microscope factory in Germany. A detailed price list is known since 1829.
From 1837 and on Schiek made microscopes in his own workshop. Schiek was awarded a gold medal for the construction of his microscopes at the 1844 Berlin Trade Fair. The performance of Schiek's instruments was similar to that of Georges Oberhäuser Paris and Simon Plössl of Wien . It was particularly declared by all three that no exorbitant prices for the microscopes would be required. The average stands of all three companies was around 100 Thaler in 1850 - equivalent to half the annual salary of a well-paid mechanic.
Schiek and Plössl used strong eyepieces and weak objectives until the mid-1850s - unlike Oberhaeuser and Amici, who have already recognized the advantages of higher resolution with reverse ratio. In addition, the microscopes of Oberhäuser and Hartnack have been delivered with a fixed system from the beginning, while Schiek still employed stacking lenses until 1860.
Schiek was awarded the "Rothe Adler Order 4th Class" in 1858 by the Prussian king for his services in microscope construction. By this time, 954 microscopes have left the workshop. From 1837 to 1864 a total of 1340 instruments had been delivered.
Between 1860-1864 Schiek trained his son Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Schieck, Who finally took over the workshop in 1865. FW Schieck specialized in the further development of handy yet powerful trichiniscopes and travel microscopes. His father died in 1870.
This model of microscope was used by several renowned 19th century German scientists. Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) used it for his studies in botany. Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) employed it for his studies, resulting in the idea of the cell as a fundamental, active unit of organisms. The same microscope was used also by his mentor Johannes Peter Müller for his studies of physiology, ichthyology, and comparative anatomy.
© Microscope History all rights reserved
© Microscope History all rights reserved
Reference: Part of this review was based on the text in the Timo Mappes' website, originally in German.
G. & S. Merz in München, Medium microscope, circa 1875.
Georg Merz was born on January 26, 1793, in Bichl, near Benediktbeuren. He started his education at a nearby monastery school and helped his father, who was a linen weaver, with farming. In 1808, Merz began working at a factory set up by Utzschneider in Benediktbeuren. This factory made special flint and crown glass for optical instruments. A priest from the monastery encouraged Merz to study math and optics, which he pursued in his spare time.
Merz showed great talent, and Joseph von Fraunhofer, a famous scientist, made him the foreman at the factory. After Fraunhofer passed away in 1826, Merz took over the business and led the optical department. In 1830, he teamed up with a mechanic named Franz Joseph Mahler, and by 1839, he became the owner of the institute. After Mahler died in 1845, Merz continued to run the institute with help from his sons, Sigmund (1824–1908) and Ludwig (1817–1858). They moved the institute to Munich and named it "G. Merz & Sons in Munich."
In 1855, Hermann Schacht mentioned in his book that Merz & Söhne, along with many German opticians, used a special horseshoe stand designed by Oberhäuser. Sadly, Ludwig Merz died in 1858 at the young age of 41 from lead poisoning he got while working in glass production. After this, the institute operated under the name "G. & S. Merz in Munich."
By 1865, Merz microscopes, along with instruments made by Hartnack, had an amazing level of clarity that was not matched by others at that time. Georg Merz died on January 12, 1867. After his death, Sigmund became the sole owner of the institute. In 1871, the company had 63 workers and signed its official documents as "G. & S. Merz (previously known as Utzschneider & Fraunhofer) in Munich." In 1883, Sigmund handed over the Munich workshop to his assistant and cousin, Jakob Merz (1833–1906), who later sold the company on October 5, 1903, to Paul Zschokke (1853–1932).
Thanks to Fraunhofer’s work in making special lens combinations in Benediktbeuren and Munich, the company quickly became well-known around the world. Under Merz’s leadership, the company continued to make large telescopes for observatories in Europe until around the mid-19th century. Microscopes, on the other hand, were not as important and were quite rare. The company always made its own optical glass, specifically for their needs, and did not sell it as raw material to other businesses.
Reference: This review was based on the text in the Timo Mappes' website, originally in German.
The instrument is signed on the front of the optical tube in decorative script:
G. & S. Merz
in Munich
No. 1606